International Journal of Applied Science and Research

Ahmed Nezar M. Kobeisy, Ph.D.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6001

ABSTRACT: Background. Early detection of PTSD is very important. Culture plays a very important role in all areas and stages of mental health (e.g. Prevention, Intervention, and treatment) from the beginning to the end. It is a necessary step to improve treatment results. While screening instruments for PTSD and other mental disorders have been developed, applied and evaluated in western populations, research into the effectiveness of screeners in Arab countries is lacking. In this paper, the researcher utilized the Jellinek-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder questionnaire (J-PTSD) which is highly reputable for its high efficiency, brief content and ease to use. Method. The aim of the present study was to replicate and cross-validate the J-PTSD screener in a community sample in Saudi Arabian students. In total, 239 subjects completed both the screener and a structured interview: The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Results. Results of the current study did not confirm the validity of the screening questionnaire in Saudi Arabia, in that much lower values were found for sensitivity (.47) in detecting PTSD. The specificity found in the present study was good: .89. Results were compared to literature on Mental disorders as well as to the 2019 Saudi National Survey of Mental Health. Cultural barriers (e.g. stigma) have been explored Conclusion. The low value found for sensitivity indicates that the screener possesses poor diagnostic qualities in this population. Therefore, clinical use of this screener in non-Western context, e.g. in Arab and perhaps other Muslim (i.e. non-Arab) refugees, cannot be recommended. The same may apply to non-Arab and non-Muslim cultures that share similar cultural characteristics relevant to mental health and treatment issues. Recommendations were presented.

Keyword: PTSD; screener; Saudi Arabia; specificity; sensitivity; MINI

DOUMNANG MBAIGANE Jean Claude 1, ADOUM Issack 2, BONNKE Kaya 3

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6002

ABSTRACT: The seismically active regions of the world are modelled on zones where the crust is constantly evolving, subduction zones or seismically active zones such as the East African Rift. Chad is not one of these zones, because towards the end of the Precambrian, Chad's crustal evolution came to an end and it became part of a stable zone. Nevertheless, micro-earthquakes of up to magnitude four have been recorded in the Wadi-Fira region thanks to the Abéché ABC seismological station. The signals recorded have been processed and located in an area of very uneven high basement at the surface. Their origin is thought to be linked to the dynamics of the aquifer in relation to the rate of weathering, which plays an important role in the infiltration of water, causing the hydrostatic pressure to vary considerably. This variation in pressure can lead to a change in the state of stress in pre-existing faults. An increase in fluid pressure in the rock mass can create fault instability. The largest recorded event is located on the N30°E direction corresponding to the direction of an old non-active fault representing the Volcanic Line of Cameroon.

Keyword: Near earthquakes, epicentre, regional phases, Wadi Fira (Chad).

Endang Banon, Indriana Rakhmawati, Tien Hartini, Omi Haryati, Nurhalimah

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6003

ABSTRACT: Hypertension is a disease that can appear at the age of 50 years (pre-elderly) to the elderly (74 years). For people with hypertension, the stressful conditions experienced can increase blood pressure. For this reason, therapy is needed to reduce or stabilize blood pressure so that hypertension can be controlled. Management of hypertension can be done by providing non-pharmacological therapy, one of which is by providing music therapy. This therapy can give calm and can reduce the anxiety level of older people. This research is quasi-experimental research with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The research was conducted in Jati Melati - Jatiwarna Pondok Melati Bekasi Village, with 30 respondents who met the exclusive criteria and were selected using purposive sampling. Data was collected using a questionnaire, and therapy was provided using a workbook. Before the research, respondents received an explanation and signed an agreement. Data analysis was carried out using the dependent t-test. The statistical test results obtained a p-value of 0.000, which means that providing music therapy can reduce the anxiety level of older people with hypertension. The benefits of research are to reduce anxiety levels in older people and as an evidence base for further research. Music therapy can be recommended as a therapy to reduce the anxiety level of older people with hypertension.

Keyword: hypertension, anxiety, elderly, music therapy

Ratha Hem 1&4, Makararavy Ty 2, Asikin Yoeu 3&1, Rylida Vong 4, Luis Molina Carpio 5, and Siphann Hoem 6

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6004

ABSTRACT: Agriculture sector was identified to be vulnerable to climate variability and change. The utilization of digital technology holds significant promise in facilitating and advancing sustainable socio-economic development, inclusivity, and resilience. It achieves this by generating novel avenues for economic expansion, improving the productivity and effectiveness of all industries, and offering alternative solutions and innovative approaches to address prevailing global challenges such as pandemic and climate change. The research aims to assess the farmers’ basic knowledge of digital literacy competence level and to examine the association between gender, education, and age group to the foundational digital literacy of farmers in using a smartphone. The Cohran formula of an unknown population was used to determine the appropriate number of farmers to be interviewed. 400 farmers within 10 districts were randomly chosen with gender balance. KoboToolBox and SPSS IBM 25 were adopted to collect and analyse the data. The findings revealed that Farmers are mostly working-age (31-64) and the majority of farmers have primary education. While more women have greater secondary education, more men have bachelor's degrees. Female farmers have an average education of 1.39, whereas male farmers have 1.41. Male farmers had a somewhat higher education standard deviation than female farmers. On average, farmers possess 3 smartphones. In social media and content creation, women thrive in digital literacy. Male farmers are better at connecting to the internet and integrating smartphone links. Digital literacy abilities are lower in older people (> 65) than working-age and youth groups. Higher education correlates with improved smartphone abilities and digital literacy. Farmers with less education may need more digital literacy training, especially for smartphone activities. Pearson Chi-Square Tests show no significant association between gender and age and basic digital literacy. Education level is significantly associated with social media app competency and smartphone app installation/use (p-value = 0.000).

Keyword:Digital literacy, Digital competence, Smartphone-based evaluation, Technology adoption

D. Sashi Kumaran

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6005

ABSTRACT: Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process with the wound environment changing with the changing health status of the individual. The knowledge of the physiology of the normal wound healing trajectory through the phases of haemostasis, inflammation, granulation and maturation provides a framework for an understanding of the basic principles of wound healing. Through this understanding the health care professional can develop the skills required to care for a wound and the body can be assisted in the complex task of tissue repair. A chronic wound should prompt the health care professional to begin a search for unresolved underlying causes. Healing a chronic wound requires care that is patient centered, holistic, interdisciplinary, cost effective and evidence based. Forty patients with chronic wound were enrolled in this comparative clinical study. For each group twenty patients were selected randomly, informed consent was attained and then they underwent treatment with either green oil or Kupplai paste for dressing daily for 8 weeks. The follow up duration was minimally 1 - 2 months. In the study percentage of 57.5% male and 42.5% female patients in the sample Age group of 30 to 40 years 20%, 41 to 50 years 32.5% and 51 to 60 years 47.5% of patients were chronic wound with different wound size, pain and other criterias in the two groups. P values of group A (P = 0.005) > P values of group B (P = 0.000), therefore reduction of the wound size in the Group B ( Kupplai paste) is more significant than Group A ( Green oil). Conclusion that the application of kupplai paste can be used more effective than green oil on healing of the wound management.

Keyword: Chronic wound, Green oil, Kupplai paste, reduction of wound

OMI HARYATI, ENDANG BANON, NURHALIMAH, INDRIANA R

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6006

ABSTRACT: Introduction: In Indonesia, the problem of stroke is becoming increasingly important to pay attention to because the incidence of stroke in Indonesia is the highest in the Asian region. Stroke sufferers in Indonesia have increased according to 2018 Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) data based on age groups. Stroke incidents are more common in the 55–64-year age group. Stroke in the elderly is a complex problem because it has an impact on the family. Apart from physical factors, there are psychological problems and illnesses such as chronic disease, poverty, successive failures, prolonged stress, or conflict with family or children. Living conditions like this can trigger depression. Depression can affect anyone, but people with chronic illnesses such as stroke are at higher risk. One method to reduce depression levels is music therapy. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of music therapy on reducing levels of depression. The methodology used is "Quasi experimental pre-post-test wit control group". With the intervention package providing music therapy to the intervention group. Meanwhile, the control group was not given intervention, only given direction. The population in this study were elderly people in the PKM Cipayung work area. Analysis results the results of statistical tests in the control group obtained a p value = 0.254. which means there is no significant difference in the average pre and post-depression levels in the control group. The results of statistical tests in the intervention group showed a p value = 0.058, meaning that there was a significant difference in the average level of anxiety in the pre and post intervention groups.

Keyword: elderly family/ depression, music therapy

1. Sitti Mujahida Baharuddin, 2. Nur Syamsu, 3. Andi Nur Insan, 4. Patta Rapanna, 5. Zulfikry Sukarno, 6. Mursidah

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6007

ABSTRACT: The type of qualitative research through a phenomenological approach, while the results show that to improve the competitiveness of local cuisine in Makassar City, it must focus on several main aspects, namely the government and the management must collaborate to provide support and resources for the development of culinary tourism. This can be achieved by investing in infrastructure improvements, promotional campaigns, and training programmes for local culinary entrepreneurs, besides that entrepreneurs must be able to maintain authenticity starting from raw materials, the process of making and serving in a natural traditional atmosphere and incorporating aspects of local wisdom, so that this becomes its own dance power.

Keyword: Behaviour, local wisdom, presentation, culinary, traditional

DANIEL MALE PETER 1, Dr. Sabas Kimani 2, Dr. Nyambedha Josephine Apiyo 3, Dr. Peter Mbaro 4

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6008

ABSTRACT: This paper has focused on the historical development of ethical and legal thought on climate change. The study has aimed to historically locate ethical and legal basis on environmental with the urge to overcome climate change, to establish the advent of climate change reality and the management mechanism, and finally bring about the intersection between ethics and law on climate change management. The study has traced philosophical ideas on the environment from ancient and classical times through the medieval, renaissance, modern, and contemporary periods. It has also explored the African perspectives on environmental issues and considered climate change science’s legal and ethical dimensions from the 19th century to the present. Here various approaches to climate change management mechanisms such as anthropocentrism, ecocentrism, biocentrism, regenerative paradigms, climate justice, and holistic approaches have been discussed, thus placing into perspective what has been down. To achieve this goal, the study was guided by Husserl’s Phenomenological Method and theory which has analyzed the climate change discourse throughout the discourse. The discourse has culminated with bringing out clarity on the complex web of ideologies, power dynamics, and institutional structures that shape responses to the climate change crisis and create sustainable mechanisms.

Keyword: Climate change, Anthropocentrism, Ecocentrism, Biocentrism, Regenerative paradigms, Climate justice and Holistic approaches

*Adris M.A.a, Hanim Omer Ahamed b, Abdel Moniem Eilhadi Sulieman c, B.M.H. Elkhiar d

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6009

ABSTRACT: The quality of fermented dairy product is a delicate subject, it large depends on pre-and post-process handling. Yoghurt is usually produced by small scale and house hold levels The aim of this study was to evaluate the current situation of Yoghurt produced by small-scale levels and house hold in middle of Sudan. and determine chemical analysis of collected raw milk and yogurt samples from different sits in Khartoum and Gezira State in two seasons winter and summer. (32) sample were collected divided in to equal number (16). Yoghurt samples were collected during winter and summer season from different sites (two sites small scale and tow house hold levels, the study included five produced Yoghurt samples and one industrial samples, this study was conducted in the laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum. Sudan in the period from December. 2018 to June 2019. The results of the chemical composition analysis of collected Yogurt samples from different sites (Bahari, Omdurman, Khartoum and Eastern Nile) during winter and summer season presented no significantly different between moisture, total solids, fat, protein, and lactose in Khartoum and Gezira State during winter and summer season for chemical analysis. We concluded that Yoghurt samples collected from different areas has high nutritive value, it contains of good amount of protein, fat, lactose, moisture and there is no significant difference in chemical characteristic of yoghurt collecting from different sites in two states for both seasons.

Keyword: Yogurt, fermentation, Milk. Small scale, House hold.

Ebaye S. Bejor a *, William Nimmo b, Mark Walker c, Mohammed Pourkashanian b, Lin Mab, Davide Poggio b, Konebimotu Samson b, Emmanuel Ekeng Ewa b

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6010

ABSTRACT: Particle size distribution in pre-treated organic substrates significantly impacts microbial fermentation efficiency, with smaller particles offering greater specific surface area, potentially reducing retention times and operational costs, particularly beneficial for remote and urban areas. Laboratory tests compared manual chopping, shredding, grinding, and mincing techniques, finding manual methods more effective than shredders at pretreatment level 1. Non-treated tomato waste showed the highest fine particle distribution (41%), contrasting with grass waste (< 2.9 mm), banana peel waste (< 2 mm), and paper waste (< 3 mm). Combining mincing, grinding, and extended processing increased methane output, particularly evident in higher pre-treatment levels with enhanced surface area. Among substrates, banana peel waste biomass (BPWSB) yielded the most methane (332 ± 36 Nml/gVS, 67% VSR), while grass waste biomass (GWSB) in semi-continuous tests produced 253 ± 29 Nml/gVS. The Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) kinetic models consistently favored first-order kinetics over the modified Gompertz model across all substrates, attributing higher k-values to PTL4 due to its large surface area: BPWSB (0.59), GWSB (0.339), PWSB (0.59), and TWSB (0.59). These findings emphasized slower decay of larger particles and more rapid degradation of smaller fractions, crucial for optimizing biogas production efficiencies.

Keyword: Anaerobic, methane, particle size, biomass, banana peel grass, paper, tomato substrate, biochemical methane potential.

Sultan G Alotaibi *1, Muneeb A Alnouri 2, Rawaa M Sulaiman 3, Abdulkhalek A Abduljaleel 4, Ahmed F Bogari 5, Hani Nabeel Mufti 6

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6011

ABSTRACT: Post-operative cognitive Dysfunction and delirium are two major concerns regarding possible adverse effects of cardiac surgery. Perioperative neuromonitoring is a method used to assess and monitor the functional integrity of the nervous system during surgical procedures. This review aimed to explore the impact of perioperative neuromonitoring on postoperative cognitive dysfunction and delirium following cardiac surgery, aiming to improve patient care and surgical outcomes. In order to execute this systematic review and meta-analysis, research based on the impact of perioperative neuromonitoring on neurodegenerative disorders post-cardiac surgery was identified. Data was gathered from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Medscape, Medline Plus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The studies were selected from the last 5 years ranging between 2019 to 2023 using the keywords "Perioperative Neuromonitoring," "Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction," "Delirium," "EEG Monitoring," "NIRS Monitoring," and "Transcranial Doppler. The systemic review, following guidelines regulated by Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Research and Meta-Analysis, retrieved 260 papers on post-cardiac neurological disorders and diagnosing techniques, from which 228 were selected. This review examines 82 references for medical diagnosis and therapy, including 14 recent articles, and highlights the need for further research on postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction treatment strategies.

Keyword: Anesthesia, Cardiac Surgery, Delirium, Evidence-Based Practice, Electroencephalogram, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Neurological impairment, Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction, Peri-Operative Neuromonitoring, Transcranial Doppler.

Ebaye S. Bejor a *, Samson Konebimotu b, Emmanuel Ekeng Ewa b

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6012

ABSTRACT: This study investigates the impact of pre-treatment intensity on biogas production in anaerobic digestion processes using three different substrates: BPWSB, TWSB, and PWSB. The experimental design includes semicontinuous tests with various pre-treatment levels (PTLs) to analyze specific methane yields and process stability indicators. Reactor performance comparisons reveal differences in methane production profiles among substrates, with GWSB generally outperforming BPWSB and PWSB. Additionally, PTL4 consistently yields higher specific methane yields than PTL3 and PTL2 across all substrates due to its greater surface area. The specific methane yields for BPWSB, TWSB, and PWSB are comparable but not identical. The highest specific methane yield was produced by BPWSB for PTL2 (M=225.6, SD=57.7), while the lowest was produced by GWSB (M=181.2, SD=51.9). The results suggest that the specific methane yields for BPWSB, TWSB, and PWSB are similar but not identical. Again, BPWSB PTL3 (M=255, SD=63.5) differed significantly from the others, whereas GWSB had the lowest specific methane yield (M=211.7, SD=56.6). Likewise, BPWSB PTL4 outperformed the other substrates (M=290.3, SD=69.3), while GWSB PTL4 had the least (M=218.3, SD=69.4). Intensive pre-treatment shows no detrimental effects on system stability, with reduced foaming tendency observed at higher pre-treatment intensities. These results indicate that carefully choosing pre-treatment methods can boost methane yields while addressing operational difficulties, emphasizing the significance of pre-treatment in sustainable waste management and renewable energy generation. Future studies could investigate further pre-treatment methods and their long-term impacts on biogas output and system stability, offering more comprehensive insights into process refinement.

Keyword: Pre-treatment, Methane yields, Operational challenges, Sustainable waste management, Renewable energy production, Anaerobic digestion, Biogas production, System stability, Process optimization, Substratedependent responses

Desfaur Natalia, Dara Mutiara Aswan, Mia Aina

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6013

ABSTRACT: Digital psychology or also known as cyperpsychology is a relatively new branch of science in applied psychology. Digital psychology studies the interaction between individuals using technology, the impact of technology on individual habits, the attempt to develop technology according to the need, and how technology can impact individual psychology. Technology that has now become part of learning can certainly impact students' habits and psychology. Universitas Jambi biology education study program students who are trained to become future teachers must be prepared to deal with this. Therefore, students are also trained in educational digital psychology courses. In order to ensure an optimal learning experience for students, lecturers must identify the learning difficulties they encounter. This study aims to identify learning difficulties encountered by students in educational digital psychology courses using a project-based learning model. This research is a descriptive study conducted from May to June 2024. The study population was all students of the Biology Education study program who enrolled in educational digital psychology course totaling 111 people, while the research sample amounted to 72 people. The results showed that 54.2% of students encountered difficulties in learning educational digital psychology using the project-based learning model, with the following causes: not finding appropriate learning resources (58.3%), not being able to find appropriate learning resources (48.6%), time constraints (47.2%), not understanding the learning resources found (43.1), and not being interested in the project-based learning model (23.6%). It is concluded that most students experience difficulties in learning educational digital psychology using the project-based learning model with the highest percentage of not finding appropriate resources, followed by not being able to find appropriate learning resources, time constraints, not being able to understand the learning resources found, and not being interested in the project-based learning model.

Keyword: learning difficulties, project-based learning, digital psychology

Natia Chkhaidze 1,2, Paata Imnadze 3, Maia Kherkheulidze 1,4

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6014

ABSTRACT: Healthcare-associated infections are one of the most common complications among hospitalized patients. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are severe nosocomial infections leading to high morbidity and mortality. Despite the achievement in reducing burden of AP/VAP during the last years, these conditions are still linked with significant morbidity and mortality, prolonged duration of hospital stays, and substantial health-care costs. Information about local epidemiology and permanent microbiological surveillance is critical for improving patient’s outcome and approaches to empirical antibiotic treatment. This review summarizes the recent studies in epidemiology and etiology HAP/VAP in adult and children that can lead the correct and effective management of these infections.

Keyword: Healthcare-associated infections, hospital acquired pneumonia, ventilator associated pneumonia, etiology, epidemiology

MAKATIANI E. BURACHE; PROF. J. KAHGA; PROF. M. WAHOME

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6015

ABSTRACT: The historical development of European thought and some African scholars’ concept of a person has led to a philosophical dogmatic fallacy. The error consists in the misrepresentation and in non-exhaustive definition of a person and the lack of environment as a necessity. This lack of a proper exhaustive definition of a person has led to social discrimination, socio-cultural stratification and classification of people, indignity of human life and negative exploitation of natural resources. This expose unearths the bidakho’s process metaphysics and creativity based on a concept of a person from conception to natural death and the environment in whom a person must live. The article underscores a fact that a proper definition of a person can solve socio-cultural problems, promote and defend human life as well as minimize negative effects of environmental degradation. It is qualitative in approach that applies phenomenology, critical analytical, and rational approaches or methods. It establishes that a proper definition of a person and bwidakho requires the inclusivity of metaphysical, cosmological and ontological perspectives of reality to solve contemporary socio-cultural and environmental issues and promotion of human life. This will lead to respecting of human beings at various level of biological growth, promote sanctity of human life, reduction of global warming and minimize climate change. The work is a viable source of reference for students and scholars of philosophy; those in-charge of the common good in the society and enhances bidakho’s contribution to philosophy.

Keyword: Healthcare-associated infections, hospital acquired pneumonia, ventilator associated pneumonia, etiology, epidemiology

Makokha Philemon 1, Dr. Kenneth Makokha 2, Dr. Lawrence Ofunja Kangei 3

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6016

ABSTRACT: The study focuses on the existential interrogation of the metaphysical impacts of the ambivalence nature of the current trends of technology on human society. Through enframing as the essence of modern technology, the study reveals how human thinking and attitude towards reality have been profoundly affected. By enframing, the modern way in which technology reveals the world lies in the human quest for self-assurance. This is reflected in his desire to dominate and to gain total control over reality and nature in general. Thus, technology in 21st century has acquired a new nature. This signifies the fact that, modern technology views nature merely as a resource. As a result, it positions human being in a different epistemic relationship with nature, shifting from imitation to exploitation. While imitation involved studying existing natural entities and for their proper use, modern technology focuses on the exploitation of the natural phenomena for the fulfilment of the present and the future human needs. This is evident in Mechanized Food Industry and Consumer Culture, Agricultural Economics, Technological gadgets and Digital Ecosystems, Information Technology and the Mining Industry, Transhumanism; the application of modern technology to transform or elevate human condition by enhancing the efficiency of human mind and body to fit into desirable future characteristics of a new human species.

Keyword: Modern technology, Essence, Standing-reserve, Enframing, Transhumanism, Cognitive Computing, Human intelligence, Artificial intelligence, Future-human-species.

Aguilar Corona Miguel 1, Nunez Martin C. Alexander 2 Mendez Miguel Luis Rolando 3

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6017

ABSTRACT: The gravimetric measuring method incurs errors and uncertainties in calibration, originating from various sources, with the diverter valve being one of the most significant. For optimal operation, the output flow from the diverter valve should form a jet in a thin, rectangular sheet form to ensure a low uncertainty value. The current work explores different scenarios in the configuration of an upstream diverter valve installation to determine its effect on velocity profile and flow path line at the nozzle outlet. The analysis is conducted using CFD Fluent edition 2023, varying operational conditions and nozzle geometry. In the results section, a pressure drop along the nozzle at different velocities as well as uniformity in velocities vectors and pressure magnitude at outlet nozzle, are presented.

Keyword: Nozzle, CFD, Fluids, Gravimetric measuring method, diverter valve

Michelle S. Suelo 1*, Glenda Z. Doblas 1, Alma B. Mohagan 1, Joliesa Mae S. Toledo 1, Olga M. Nuneza 2, Aimee AbduL 3, Reggie Y. Dela Cruz 1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6018

ABSTRACT: Hawkmoths belonging to Family Sphingidae are distinguished by their narrow wings, streamlined bodies and varying length of proboscis making them one of the most important insects in our ecosystem. Two species collected in Mt. Balatukan and Mt. Melibengoy were identified based on morphological description and DNA barcoding (LepF and LepR primers) as Cechenena transpacifica (Clark, 1923) and Theretra acuta (Vaglia & Liyous, 2010). This species were only recorded to exist in Luzon and Visayas. In this study, we provide detailed morphological description and identification based on DNA barcoding of the two species as reported to be found in Mindanao for the first time. The phylogenetic tree inferred from Maximum-Likelihood Method showing monophyletic clade with Family Sphingidae for the two species.

Keyword: Sphingidae; DNA Barcoding; monophyletic; Maximum-Likelihood

ZENG Xi

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6019

ABSTRACT: A study is conducted on the credit risk assessment model of listed companies in China. Firstly, factor analysis is used to construct an indicator system from five dimensions: debt paying ability, development ability, operating ability, profitability, and cash flow. Then, the cosine method of vector angle is used to replace the subjective expert scoring method and assign weights to the indicators. Finally, based on the scoring model, the scores of 25 listed companies are calculated and their credit risk is evaluated.

Keyword: factor analysis; cosine of vector angle; listed companies: credit risk assessment

Muthoni Muigu; Rev. Dr. Makokha Kenneth & Dr. Sabas Kimani

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6020

ABSTRACT: This article explores the insights of Bernard Lonergan and their relevance to the field of public policy making. Lonergan's theory of insight provides a unique framework for understanding human cognition and decisionmaking processes, which are crucial in shaping effective public policies. The article examines key concepts of Lonergan's work, such as functional specialization, communal inquiry, and the dialectic of history, and explores their application in enhancing the policy-making process. It also addresses challenges in applying Lonergan's insights practically and responds to common criticisms. Ultimately, it argues for the integration of insight theory with existing policy-making frameworks to address contemporary policy challenges more effectively

Keyword: Lonergan, insight theory, public policy making, cognition, communal inquiry, dialectic of history

1 Okunlola Babatude A., 2 Okogbue Emmanuel C., 3 Ewetumo Theophilus, 4 Olabanji Olayinka M., and 5 Adeboye Ademola O. C.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6021

ABSTRACT: A measuring instrument designed for use in developed and fabricated Wireless Surface and Submarine Vehicle for water body exploration. These the developed instrument pave way for indigenous research on the oceanography to explored the water body within local environment with less cost. The oceanography measuring instrument developed consists of the following: turbidity, salinity, temperature, pressure, magnetic field sensor, microcontroller, microSD shield, Electrically Erasable PROM (EEPROM), trans-receiver module, and web application alongside with graphical interface. The turbidity and salinity sensor were developed and remain sensors were obtained from the shelf. The turbidity sensor and salinity sensor were design and constructed and respond was very good with MBE of 0.003836 g/l for turbidity and -2.105564 ml/mg for salinity. Also, correlation obtained by the two developed sensors is above 0.9. All the pick from shelf have very good respond. The data was transmitted wireless the obtained were with the on store on EPROM and microSD card when tested with instrument system with Wireless Surface and Submarine Vehicle (WSSV) in dam. Result obtained were strong in agreement and measured correctly. The developed ocean measuring instrument is found to be viable and capable for field deployment.

Keyword: oceanography, instrument, sensors, submarine vehicle, wireless system

Jonah, P. M. 1, Adeniji, O. T. 2, Hinekaron, J. A. 1, Shehu, H. E. 1, Fakuta, N. M. 3 and Jandong 4, A. E.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6022

ABSTRACT: Field experiments were conducted during the rainy seasons of 2022 and 2023 at the Research Farm; Department of Crop Science, Adamawa State University, Mubi. The experiment studied the genetic evaluation of some cowpea genotypes to address food insecurity in Mubi, with the following objectives: to determine the amount of diversity among 26 cowpea genotypes; evaluate and select early maturing genotypes; including high yielding genotypes. The 26 genotypes were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design replicated three times. Data were collected on 16 agronomic traits. Results revealed highly significant differences (P < 0.01) among genotypes for most agronomic traits studied. These indicated the presence of sufficient variation among the 26 genotypes. From the mean performance, Loko genotype and UAM 14-122-17-7 produced the highest cowpea grain yields with 636.33 kg/ha and 605.84 kg/ha respectively. IT 14-1683-2 (42 and 45 days), IT99K-573-1-1 (42 and 47 days) and IT07K-292-10 (42 and 47 days) showed earliness with respect to days to first and 50% flowering. Mubi-3 and IT97K-449-35 genotypes recorded the highest estimates of fresh pod vegetables. Furthermore, the highest Genotypic Coefficient of Variation and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation were recorded for kernel yield (30.57 and 35.53) and grain yield (30.18 and 34.47), high heritability coupled with genetic advance were recorded for days to 50% flowering (95.92 and 23.40), 100 seed weight (90.56 and 10.37), fresh pod weight (78.71 and 14.19) and grain yield (76.63 and 230.75).

Keyword: Genetic advance, heritability, genotype, genotypic and phenotypic coefficient variation, earliness and grain yield.

Mohamed Elsabbagh 1*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6023

ABSTRACT: Artificial intelligence has evolved since its debut in 1950, resulting in widespread usage across a variety of sectors. This increased dependence on AI has highlighted ethical issues, emphasizing the importance of strong governance to enable responsible research and deployment. This review investigates the ethical issues and governance options surrounding artificial intelligence (AI), with a focus on its influence on community security in the United Arab Emirates. Additionally, it investigates AI ethics, compatibility, and intricacy in the setting of community security using a comprehensive review of 10 studies. The findings emphasize the need to resolve privacy issues and the impact of government regulations and laws on AI governance. The review underlines how important it is to create tailored governance structures that maintain ethical norms in AI applications both inside and outside of the United Arab Emirates and strike an appropriate balance between innovation and security. To guarantee that AI technology benefits society while limiting possible threats, it is crucial that we actively tackle these ethical and governance problems as AI continues to evolve.

Keyword: Artificial Intelligence, Governance, Privacy, Ethics, Digital Technology

Jonah, P. M. 1, Adeniji, O. T. 2, Hinekaron, J. A. 1, Shehu, H. E. 1, Fakuta, N. M. 3 and Jandong 4, A. E.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6024

ABSTRACT: Field experiments were conducted during the rainy seasons of 2022 and 2023 at the teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agricutlure; Department of Crop Science, Adamawa State University, Mubi. The experiment studied the nature and extent of correlation coefficients of yield attributing characters with grain yield related traits. The 26 genotypes cowpea were evaluated in a Randomized Complete Block Design replicated three times and data were collected on 16 agronomic traits. Results from the individual years (2020, 2023) and the combined years (2022 and 2023) analyses revealed highly significant and positive coefficients between grain yield with pods/plant and also kernel/plant both at genotypic and phenotypic levels, including pod length of cowpea at phenotypic correlation level.

Keyword: Cowpea, grain yield and yield components, genotypic correlations and phenotypic correlations.

Imtethal H.Jaber 1 , Waleed A .Waryosh 2

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6025

ABSTRACT: Bubbled slabs are used to reduce the overall weight of the slab by minimizing the volume of concrete in the central portion of the slab. This drop leads to cost savings, a decrease in building time, enhancements in structural performance, and an improvement in the efficiency of the slab. Although this slab style has several advantages, it is comparable to flat slabs. The higher stress concentration at the column connection leads to failure due to punching shear. Furthermore, as recommended by construction regulations, the design equations for bubbling slabs are based on experimental data obtained from flat slabs. Prior studies on bubbled slabs have shown that the punching shear behavior of bubbled slabs differs from that of flat slabs.

Keyword: Bubbled slab, plastic balls, Punching shear strength, Reinforced concrete slab, Solid slab.

Dr. K.V. KESHAVAIAH 1 and SALIM NADAF 2

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6026

ABSTRACT: Minerals are most important components of jaggery compared to centrifugal sugar which is nothing but sucrose. Jaggery rich in iron along with other minerals like calcium, phosphorus and zinc can be formidable source in the diet. However, the cane quality used for jaggery making makes it more tenable to embed the nutrients in it as a source of minerals. The poor-quality cane makes it deprived of the vital minerals in jaggery. An experiment conducted at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V.C.Farm, Mandya has revealed that higher total salts of 3.16 g 100g-1 was recorded in cane of saline soil and cane of sodic soil (3.08 g 100g-1) conditions compared to cane from normal soils. Higher calcium content was recorded in cane of moisture stress condition (83.77 mg 100g-1) followed by cane of normal soil on research station (82.80 mg 100g-1). lowest magnesium content was recorded in lodged cane conditions (58.00 mg 100g-1). The higher iron content was recorded in cane of shaded area (11.46 mg 100g-1) followed by cane of normal soil on research station (11.26 mg 100g-1). The higher sodium content was recorded in cane of sodic soil (97.47 mg 100g-1). The higher ash content was recorded in cane of shaded area (3.63 %) which is a negative factor. However, the phenolic content of jaggery was not influenced by production conditions. The higher bacterial count (7.47 CFU 10-5 g-1) and fungal count (7.36 CFU 10-4 g-1) was recorded in lodged cane compared to normal soils. Jaggery from cane of normal soil on farmer’s field (129 days) could be stored for longer period over lodged cane (34.67 days) and cane of saline soil (32.67 days) conditions.

Keyword: Minerals in jaggery, Microbial load in jaggery & Shelf life

Catherine J. Del Rosario, Edilberto Z. Andal

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6027

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the stakeholder's involvement and organizational support for teachers' job satisfaction and performance. The Descriptive-Correlational research design was adopted and the statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation and Pearson Product Moment Correlation were utilized to test the relationship of the independent and dependent variables. Hypotheses were tested and the findings revealed the following information: the findings indicate a significant relationship between stakeholders' involvement and organizational support for teachers' performance, as well as between stakeholders' involvement and organizational support for job satisfaction, leading to the rejection of the respective null hypotheses. Having all those findings, this study recommends that school organization may focus on enhancing stakeholder involvement, particularly in parental engagement, community partnerships, and school leadership. It also suggests investigating the impact of organizational support on teacher performance and job satisfaction, specifically in professional development, mentoring programs, and resources. Further research on factors influencing job satisfaction, such as community support and recognition is needed. The study recommends exploring mediating variables and longitudinal studies to track changes over time. Future research on a broader scale can provide a comprehensive understanding of all stakeholders involved in educational settings.

Keyword: stakeholder involvement, organizational support, job satisfaction, teacher performance

Brahim Bakimbil 1, Djoulde Darman Roger 2

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6028

ABSTRACT: Demulsifiers such as VX champion, BAD-106 and others injected into the Petrochad(Mangara) Limited field between 2014 and 2023 only recovered 43,501,365 barrels out of a forecast of 91,250,000 barrels, or 42.48%. The mean surface and interfacial tension related to this recovery is 56.42 and 59.8 mN/m respectively. The inadequacy of this recovery is linked to the ineffectiveness of demulsifiers in reducing the surface and interfacial tensions between the phases and releasing the oils sufficiently. The biosurfactants produced by isolates RPG14, RPG18 and RPG20 isolated and obtained by screening tests are very active in lowering surface (23.70, 0.5±, 22.45, 0.5± and 22.75, 0.5 mN/m) and interfacial (14.35, 0.5, 15.35, 0.5 and 15.45, 0.5 mN/m) tensions. This reduction in tensions made it possible to recover respectively 86518548.36 barrels or a percentage of 84.49% for the RPG14 isolate, 88126219.86 barrels or 86.06% for the RPG18 isolate and 87740542.5 barrels or 85.68% for the RPG20 isolate.

Keyword: surface tension-lowering-biosurfactants-recovery-oil-produced waterc

Dr. Hiralal Motilal Patil

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6029

ABSTRACT: Cerium tartrate crystals were grown from sodium metasilicate gel and water solutions of tartaric acid and cerium chloride as the reactants. Crystals grown were spherulitic in size. The principle objective of this investigation is to determine the surface area, pore volume and pore size of CeT sample. BET surface area was calculated from the BET plot; pore size distributions were calculated using BJH model. The pore volume was measured at the single point of p/p0 = 0.05. The Adsorption / Desorption Isotherm for cerium tartrate, Pore Size Distribution by BJH Method, Pore Size Distribution by DFT method and Volume Histogram By DFT Method was studied respectively for the CeT sample. The isotherm obtained for the sample demonstrates that it belongs to the type II isotherm.

Keyword: Gel Method, Cerium Tartrate, Adsorption / Desorption Isotherm, BET, BJH, DFT method

Edward Njagi Silas, Ochieng Ombaka, Eric Chomba and Moses Muraya

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2024.6030

ABSTRACT: Toxic heavy metals get into humans through absorption, inhalation and ingestion. All heavy metals are toxic to animals and plants when present in excessive amounts. The adverse effects of heavy metals in mammals may manifest in disorders such as growth retardation, decrease in longevity, changes in reproductive cycles, chronic diseases and formation of tumours. River Nyamindi flows from Mt. Kenya Forest passing through rocks, soil, agricultural land, residential areas and urban centres. Geological factors and human activities may have made heavy metals get into the river water. Since the water is used for domestic purposes and irrigation, it was necessary to determine if heavy metal concentration in river Nyamindi has reached alarming levels. Water and sediment samples were collected along river Nyamindi during wet and dry season. The samples were digested appropriately and the concentration of eight heavy metals determined using ICP-MS. The mean amount of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, As, Mn and Se in sediment were 0.0882, 41.1219, 91.7718, 10.7445, 54.3880, 2.4561, 1753.5587 and 5.7648 mg/kg respectively during wet season and 0.0590, 39.1176, 559.0917, 0.3781,76.3715, 3.0114, 1714.4195 and 6.5488 mg/kg respectively during dry season. The mean concentration of the same metals in water was 0.00005, 0.0167, 0.1943, 0.0223, below detection limit (BDL), 0.0002, 0.1379 and BDL ppm respectively during wet season and 0.0009, 0.0005, 0.0148, 0.0184, BDL, 0.00003, 0.0080 and 0.00003 ppm respectively during dry season. The mean amount of Cr, Ni and Mn in sediment were found to be above WHO and US EPA permissible limits during both seasons. The mean concentration of Cr and Mn in water were above WHO and KEBS/WASREB permissible limits during wet season. However, during dry season, all the eight heavy metal concentrations in water were below WHO, KEBS/WASREB permissible limits. Therefore, as far as the eight heavy metals are concerned, water from river Nyamindi was not be potable during rainy season but was potable during dry season. However, further investigations should be carried out to determine other water parameters to confirm it’s suitability as potable water.

Keyword: Sediment Pollution, Water Pollution, Heavy Metals, Potable Water